The Use of the Terms Negro and Black to Include Persons of Native American Ancestry in Anglo North America

In 1854 the California State Supreme Court sought to bar all non-Caucasians from equal citizenship and civil rights. The court stated: The word Black may include all Negroes, but the term Negro does not include all Black persons . . . . We are of the opinion that the words White, Negro, Mulatto and Black person, whenever they occur in our constitution . . . must be taken in their generic sense . . . that the words Black person, in the 14th section must be taken as contra distinguished from White, and necessarily includes all races other than the Caucasian.[1] As convoluted as the quote may be, it tends to express a strong tendency in the history of the United States, toward creating two broad classes of people: white and non-white, citizen and non-citizen (or semi-citizen)

Fascism: A Review of Its History and Its Present Cultural Reality in the Americas

The Italians may have given us the word “fascismo,” but whether we use that word or the Spanish ”falangismo” or the German “National Socialism” (Naziism) we are talking about a form of social organization which has a complex history. Indeed, many persons wrongly believe that fascism as a political system first achieved state power in Italy in the 1920s. However, fascism in modern times first achieved independent (sovereign) power in the Americas -- in the Argentina of Juan Manuel de Rosas (1830s) and in the Confederate States of America (1860-1865)

Theta Graph Designs

We solve the design spectrum problem for all theta graphs with 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 and 15 edges

Completing the design spectra for graphs with six vertices and eight edges

Apart from two possible exceptions, the design spectrum has been determined for every graph with six vertices and at most eight edges. The purpose of this note is to establish the existence of the two missing designs, both of order 32

Designs for graphs with six vertices and nine edges

The design spectrum has been determined for eleven of the 21 graphs with six vertices and nine edges. In this paper we completely solve the design spectrum problem for the remaining ten graphs

Icosahedron designs

It is known from the work of Adams and Bryant that icosahedron designs of order v exist for v ≡ 1 (mod 60) as well as for v = 16. Here we prove that icosahedron designs exist if and only if v ≡ 1, 16, 21 or 36 (mod 60), wit

Bulge Globular Clusters in Spiral Galaxies

There is now strong evidence that the metal-rich globular clusters (GC) near the center of our Galaxy are associated with the Galactic bulge rather than the disk as previously thought. Here we extend the concept of bulge GCs to the GC systems of nearby spiral galaxies. In particular, the kinematic and metallicity properties of the GC systems favor a bulge rather than a disk origin. The number of metal-rich GCs normalized by the bulge luminosity is roughly constant (i.e. bulge S_N ~ 1) in nearby spirals, and this value is similar to that for field ellipticals when only the red (metal--rich) GCs are considered. We argue that the metallicity distributions of GCs in spiral and elliptical galaxies are remarkably similar, and that they obey the same correlation of mean GC metallicity with host galaxy mass. We further suggest that the metal-rich GCs in spirals are the direct analogs of the red GCs seen in ellipticals. The formation of a bulge/spheroidal stellar system is accompanied by the formation of metal-rich GCs. The similarities between GC systems in spiral and elliptical galaxies appear to be greater than the differences.Comment: 5 pages, Latex, 2 figures, 1 table, Accepted for publication in ApJ Letter

The Southern Vilnius Photometric System. IV. The E Regions Standard Stars

This paper is the fourth in a series on the extension of the Vilnius photometric system to the southern hemisphere. Observations were made of 60 stars in the Harvard Standard E regions to increase a set of standard stars.Comment: 6 pages, TeX, requires 2 macros (baltic2.tex, baltic4.tex) included no figures, to be published in Baltic Astronomy, Vol 6, pp1-6 (1997